Konteks: OECD Pillar 2 GloBE Rules (efektif 2024 di EU, 2025 banyak negara) mewajibkan Effective Tax Rate (ETR) minimum 15% per yurisdiksi. Top-up tax jika di bawah.
EU Pillar 2 Directive 2022/2523 efektif 31 Desember 2023. Indonesia sedang kaji adopt (RUU HPP 2024). Top-up tax: IIR (parent), UTPR (undertaxed payment), QDMTT (domestic minimum tax).