stdsquare²
🎓 Kelas
stdsquare / materi / slides / pertemuan-13
Tema
Japan
Arcade
Dark Retro
Font
‹ Daftar slide Pertemuan 13: WTO Dispute Settlement — DSB, Panel, Appellate Body & Kasus Indonesia
RPS minggu 14 · 2x50 menit

WTO Dispute Settlement: DSB, Panel, Appellate Body & Kasus Indonesia

International Business Law — S1 Manajemen FEB UNDIP

Peta Pembelajaran Hari Ini

Empat blok WTO dispute settlement yang harus Anda kuasai.

Jam ke-1 (50 menit)
  • WTO: 164 members, struktur (MC, GC, DSB, councils)
  • DSU: reverse consensus, panel, Appellate Body
  • WTO dispute timeline: konsultasi → panel → AB → implementasi
  • Indonesia WTO cases overview
Jam ke-2 (50 menit)
  • Indonesia cases detail: DS406 Clove, DS490 Biodiesel, DS491 SG
  • DS590/612 Palm Oil EU (ongoing)
  • Appellate Body crisis 2019 + MPIA alternative
  • Strategi Indonesia WTO dispute
Output: mahasiswa mampu analyze WTO case dan advise company Indonesia.

Mengapa WTO Dispute Settlement Krusial

WTO adalah forum utama untuk resolve international trade disputes — Indonesia active user.

Total WTO Cases
~620+
Sejak 1995 (WTO stats, di-hedge)
Indonesia WTO Cases
~15+ cases
Complainant & respondent (di-hedge)
Indonesia telah won beberapa high-profile cases (Clove, Biodiesel). WTO DS adalah strategic tool untuk protect Indonesia export interests.
Bagian 1 · 1/4
WTO Struktur & DSU Procedure
Diskusi kelas: bagaimana Indonesia file WTO complaint vs EU untuk palm oil?

WTO Dispute Timeline Detail

DSU timeline — dari konsultasi sampai implementasi dan retaliation.

StepActivityTime (DSU)
1. KonsultasiComplainant request konsultasi (mandatory)60 hari (Art. 4)
2. Good officesOptional mediationVariable
3. Panel requestComplainant request panel establishmentAnytime after konsultasi fail
4. Panel establishmentDSB establish panel (second request)Latest DSB meeting
5. Panel composition3 (atau 5) panelists — WTO Secretariat nominate20 hari (Art. 8)
6. Panel examineSubmissions, hearing, interim review6 bulan (9 bulan if complex) — Art. 12
7. Panel reportIssue final report ke parties
8. DSB adoptionAdopt panel report (otomatis kecuali appeal/reverse consensus)20 hari dari circulation
9. Appeal (optional)Appeal to Appellate BodyWithin 60 hari dari panel circulation
10. AB reportAppellate Body review dan issue report60 hari (90 max) — Art. 17
11. DSB adoption ABAdopt AB report (otomatis)30 hari dari circulation
12. ImplementasiLosing party implement (reasonable time)6-15 bulan (Art. 21)
13. Compliance panel (jika dispute)DSB 21.5 compliance proceedings90 hari
14. Retaliation (jika non-compliance)Authorization untuk suspend concessionsDSB Art. 22
WTO DSU: timeline 12-24 bulan dari konsultasi sampai AB report. Implementasi 6-15 bulan lagi. Total ~2-3 tahun untuk resolution.

Reverse Consensus: Unique DSB Feature

Reverse consensus — DSB decisions adopt otomatis kecuali consensus AGAINST. Beda dengan normal consensus.

AspekNormal ConsensusWTO Reverse Consensus
Default outcomeTidak ada decision jika no consensusDecision adopted jika no consensus against
BurdenProponents harus persuade consensusOpponents harus persuade consensus against
EffectivenessSulit (single state can block)Tinggi (single state cannot block)
Apply toMost international bodiesWTO DSB decisions
Panel establishmentOtomatis pada second request
Panel report adoptionOtomatis kecuali appeal/reverse consensus against
AB report adoptionOtomatis kecuali reverse consensus against
Retaliation authorizationOtomatis kecuali reverse consensus against
Reverse consensus: WTO DS effective karena single state cannot block adoption. Beda dengan GATT era dimana losing state can block.
Bagian 2 · 2/4
Indonesia WTO Cases: DS406, DS490, DS491
Diskusi kelas: apa pelajaran dari Indonesia high-profile wins di WTO?

Indonesia WTO Cases Detail

Indonesia high-profile WTO wins — DS406 Clove, DS490 Biodiesel, DS491 Safe Guard.

CaseIndonesia sebagaiIssueOutcome
DS406 Clove CigarettesComplainant vs USUS ban clove cigarettes (TBT 2.1 national treatment)WON (panel 2012, AB 2012)
DS490 BiodieselComplainant vs EUEU anti-dumping duties (ADA violation)WON (panel 2018)
DS491 Safe GuardComplainant vs EUEU safe guard certain steelPartially won
DS496Respondent (US complaint)Indonesia import duty untuk certain horticulture & animalsIndonesia lost (panel)
DS590 Palm OilComplainant vs EUEU Renewable Energy Directive (RED) II palm oilOngoing (filed 2019)
DS612 Palm OilComplainant vs EUEU RED II Delegated Act ILUC palm oilOngoing (filed 2020)
DS593 Russia TransitComplainant vs RussiaRussia transit restrictionsSettled
Multiple respondent casesRespondentVarious — import duties, export restrictions, dllMixed
Indonesia: 3 high-profile wins (Clove, Biodiesel, Safe Guard) + ongoing Palm Oil. WTO DS = strategic tool untuk protect Indonesia exports.
Bagian 3 · 3/4
DS590/612 Palm Oil: Ongoing Dispute
Diskusi kelas: bagaimana strategi Indonesia dalam DS590/612 Palm Oil vs EU?

Appellate Body Crisis 2019 & MPIA

Appellate Body crisis sejak Desember 2019 — US blocking appointments. MPIA sebagai alternative.

AspekAppellate Body CrisisMPIA (Multi-Party Interim)
StartDesember 2019April 2020
SebabUS blocking AB member appointmentsEU-led alternative untuk appeals
Status ABNon-functional (no quorum)
EffectAppeals "into the void" — no AB reviewAlternative appeal mechanism
MPIA parties~25 WTO members (EU, China, Canada, Australia, dll)
Indonesia statusNOT MPIA partyEvaluating
MPIA mechanismArticle 25 arbitration sebagai AB substitute
DSU Article 25Arbitration provision WTO agreement
US positionBlock AB reform unless concerns addressedNot party
Reform effortsMC12, MC13 discussionsOngoing
AB crisis: WTO appeals non-functional sejak 2019. MPIA alternative untuk 25 members. Indonesia NOT party. Strategi: pilih panel-level strategy atau MPIA accession.
Bagian 4 · 4/4
Strategi Indonesia WTO Dispute
Diskusi kelas: Indonesia company kena trade barrier di negara importir. Strategi optimal?

Strategi Indonesia: Multi-Layer Approach

Tujuh element strategi optimal untuk Indonesia WTO dispute.

ElementSubstansiIndonesia implementation
1. DiplomacyBilateral consultation, regional foraKemendag, Kemendagri engage
2. Industry coordinationAffected industry document damage, engage governmentGAPKI (palm oil), APINDO (industri), dll
3. WTO consultationFile request konsultasi (mandatory first step)Kemendag + WTO Geneva mission
4. Panel litigationRequest panel jika konsultasi failEngage top counsel (Sidley Austin)
5. EvidenceStrong technical + economic evidenceIndustry data + expert witnesses
6. CoalitionBuild coalition dengan like-minded countriesMalaysia (palm oil), other affected
7. Implementation & retaliationMonitor implementation; retaliation jika non-complianceDiplomatic + WTO mechanisms
+ WTO law expertiseInternal capacity + external counselKemendag WTO unit + law firms
Strategi multi-layer: diplomacy + industry + WTO enforcement + strong legal + coalition + monitoring. Indonesia wins = protect export interests.

Hitung dari Nol: WTO Dispute Cost-Benefit

Skenario: Indonesia export palm oil Rp 200 triliun/thn ke EU terancam restrict. Strategi WTO vs bi-lateral. Hitung cost-benefit.

KomponenNo ActionWTO Dispute Strategy
Indonesia palm oil export to EURp 200 triliun/thnRp 200 triliun/thn
EU restriction impactLoss ~30% (Rp 60 T/thn)Loss prevented/mitigated
WTO legal counselUS$ 0US$ 5-15 juta (3-5 thn, di-hedge)
Expert witnesses + evidenceUS$ 0US$ 500K-2 juta
Industry coordinationUS$ 0Rp 1-5 miliar
Diplomatic effortUS$ 0Rp 500 juta-1 miliar
Total WTO costUS$ 0~US$ 6-18 juta (~Rp 90-270 M)
Expected save (jika win)Rp 60 triliun/thn
NPV 10 thn save (10% discount)~Rp 370 triliun
NPV cost (10 thn)~Rp 90-270 miliar
ROI WTO dispute~1.400-4.000× (di-hedge)
+ Reputational (Indonesia win precedent)Tidak dapat quantify — material
WTO dispute: investasi US$ 6-18 juta untuk protect Rp 60 triliun/thn export. ROI 1.400-4.000×. Strategic tool untuk Indonesia.

Indonesia Trade Policy & WTO Commitments

Indonesia WTO commitments — tariff bindings, Schedules of Concessions, dan policy space.

KomponenSubstansiIndonesia Status
Tariff bindingsBound rates per WTO ScheduleIndonesia bound ~96% tariff lines
Applied MFN ratesActual applied tariffAvg ~7-8% (di-hedge)
WTO Member since1 Januari 1995 (WTO founding)Original Member
GATT MemberSejak 1950sPre-WTO
ASEAN commitmentsATIGA, AFTA0-5% intra-ASEAN
FTA networkBilateral + regional FTAs~15+ FTAs (ACFTA, AKFTA, AANZFTA, dll)
Policy spaceFlexibility untuk policyBounded by WTO + FTAs
Notification obligationsNotify WTO per agreementsAnnual notifications
Indonesia WTO Member founding 1995. Tariff bindings, FTAs (ASEAN+1), policy space bounded. Strategi: leverage FTAs untuk export competitiveness.

Trade Remedies: Anti-Dumping, CVD, SG

Tiga trade remedies yang WTO memperbolehkan untuk protect domestic industry.

RemedySubstansiIndonesia Experience
1. Anti-Dumping (AD)Duties untuk dumped imports (price < normal value)Indonesia target几次 (DS490 won)
2. Countervailing Duty (CVD)Duties untuk subsidized importsIndonesia target di biodiesel
3. Safe Guard (SG)Temporary protection dari import surgeIndonesia impose di certain products
4. AD AgreementWTO Anti-Dumping Agreement
5. SCM AgreementSubsidies and Countervailing Measures
6. SG AgreementSafe Guard Agreement
Investigation authorityKPI (Komite Pengamanan Industri)Kemenperin lead
Trade remedies: 3 types (AD, CVD, SG). Indonesia sebagai target dan user. Strategi: WTO-compliant implementation + defense.

Regional Trade Agreements & Indonesia

Indonesia FTA network — ASEAN+1, RCEP, bilateral IJEPA/IP-CEPA.

FTAPartnerEffectiveBenefit
ATIGAASEAN intra20100-5% intra-ASEAN
ACFTAASEAN-China2005 (Indonesia)Tariff reduction
AKFTAASEAN-Korea2007Tariff reduction
AANZFTAASEAN-Australia-NZ2010Comprehensive
AIFTAASEAN-India2010Tariff reduction
AJCEPASEAN-Japan2008Tariff reduction
RCEPASEAN+5 (CN, JP, KR, AU, NZ)2022Comprehensive regional
IJEPAIndonesia-Japan bilateral2008Comprehensive
IP-CEPAIndonesia-Australia bilateral2020Comprehensive
IK-CEPAIndonesia-Korea bilateral2021Comprehensive
Indonesia FTA network: ASEAN+1 + RCEP + bilateral (IJEPA, IP-CEPA, IK-CEPA). Strategi: leverage untuk export competitiveness.

WTO Reform & Indonesia Position

WTO reform agenda 2022-2025 — Indonesia position dan interest.

Reform AreaSubstansiIndonesia Position
1. Dispute Settlement (AB)Restore Appellate Body functionSupport reform
2. SubsidiesDisciplines on industrial subsidies (SOEs, green)Developing country flexibility
3. S&D (Special & Differential)Developing country special treatmentDefend S&D
4. E-commerceJSI Joint Statement InitiativeActive participation
5. Investment FacilitationJSI Investment FacilitationSupport
6. Fisheries SubsidiesMC12 Agreement 2022Indonesia ratified 2024 (di-hedge)
7. COVID-19 TRIPS waiverMC12 vaccine IP waiverSupport (with India, SA)
8. MC13 (2024) outcomesDispute, e-commerce moratoriumPartial success
Indonesia WTO reform position: support AB reform + defend S&D + active JSI. Strategi: balance developing country interests + multilateralism.

Export Strategy & WTO Leverage

Strategi export Indonesia — combine FTAs, WTO enforcement, dan market diversification.

StrategiSubstansiImplementation
1. FTA utilizationLeverage tariff preferensiOrigin documentation, supplier network
2. WTO enforcementFile complaints untuk trade barriersIdentify issues, engage government
3. Market diversificationReduce dependence single marketAfrica, Latin America, MENA
4. Product upgradingMove up value chainManufactured goods vs raw commodities
5. Brand buildingIndonesia brand globallyCoffee (Toraja, Gayo), batik, dll
6. Halal industryIndonesia sebagai halal hubHalal certification, food, cosmetics
7. Digital tradeE-commerce exportCross-border e-commerce platforms
8. Services exportTourism, IT-BPO, creativeWonderful Indonesia, IT outsourcing
Strategi export Indonesia: FTA + WTO + diversification + upgrading + brand + halal + digital + services. Comprehensive export competitiveness.

Trade Policy Toolkit for Managers

Tujuh trade policy tools yang Indonesia manager harus pahami untuk navigate international markets.

ToolSubstansiWhen to use
1. Tariff classificationHS Code untuk determine tariffImport/export planning
2. Rules of OriginQualify untuk FTA preferensiFTA utilization
3. Customs valuationWTO Valuation AgreementTransfer pricing + customs alignment
4. Trade defenseAD/CVD/SG responseIf target di investigation
5. SPS & TBT complianceSanitary, technical barriersMarket access
6. Trade financeL/C, UCP 600, export creditPayment security
7. WTO advocacyEngage government untuk WTO casesTrade barrier escalation
Trade policy toolkit: 7 tools untuk manager. Strategi: combine dengan international business law untuk navigate global markets.

Ringkasan Kunci Pertemuan 13

WTO DSU
164 members; reverse consensus; panel + AB; ~620 cases sejak 1995
Indonesia Cases
DS406 Clove, DS490 Biodiesel, DS491 SG, DS590/612 Palm Oil
AB Crisis + MPIA
AB non-functional 2019; MPIA alternative 25 members (Indonesia NOT party)

WTO DS = strategic tool untuk protect Indonesia exports. ROI 1.400-4.000×. Strategi multi-layer: diplomacy + enforcement + coalition.

Persiapan P14 (final): baca UNGP 3 pilar, ISO 26000:2010, UU 40/2007 Pasal 74. Pertemuan terakhir tentang etika, CSR & compliance global.