RPS minggu 13 · 2x50 menit
Perjanjian IP Internasional: TRIPS, Paris, Berne, Madrid, PCT International Business Law — S1 Manajemen FEB UNDIP Selamat datang di pertemuan 12. Minggu lalu kita mendalami transfer pricing dan BEPS. Hari ini kita masuk ke intellectual property (IP) internasional — area yang critical untuk Indonesia companies yang berkembang di era digital dan creative economy. Lima treaty utama: TRIPS Agreement 1994 (WTO, 7 bagian, 164 members); Paris Convention 1883 (industrial property — paten, merek, desain, 179 negara); Berne Convention 1886 (hak cipta, 181 negara); Madrid Protocol 1989 (international trademark registration, Indonesia ratified via UU 5/2017 effective 2 Januari 2018); PCT 1970 (Patent Cooperation Treaty, Indonesia ratified 1997). Anda harus pahami: (1) setiap treaty scope dan protection; (2) Indonesia implementation via UU 20/2016 Merek, UU 28/2014 Hak Cipta, UU Paten; (3) strategi IP protection untuk Indonesia companies lintas batas; (4) Geographical Indications dan Traditional Knowledge (Toraja Coffee, Batik, Jamu). Output: mahasiswa mampu design IP strategy untuk Indonesia company yang expand internasional. Peta Pembelajaran Hari Ini Empat blok IP internasional yang harus Anda kuasai.
TRIPS Agreement 1994: 7 bagian, WTO enforcement Paris Convention 1883: industrial property, national treatment, priority right Berne Convention 1886: copyright, automatic protection Indonesia IP law: UU 20/2016 Merek, UU 28/2014 HC, UU Paten Madrid Protocol: international trademark registration PCT 1970: international patent filing Geographical Indications & Traditional Knowledge Mini-case: Toraja Coffee GI, Batik UNESCO 2009 Output: mahasiswa mampu design IP protection strategy untuk Indonesia company expand internasional.
Mari petakan empat blok pembelajaran IP internasional. Blok pertama: TRIPS Agreement 1994 (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) — WTO agreement dengan 7 bagian: general provisions, trademarks, geographical indications, industrial designs, patents, copyright, enforcement. WTO enforcement via DSU dispute settlement. Paris Convention 1883 untuk industrial property (paten, merek, desain industri) — 179 negara parties. National treatment + priority right (6 bulan paten, 6 bulan merek). Berne Convention 1886 untuk copyright — 181 negara parties. Automatic protection (no formal registration required). Indonesia implementation via UU 20/2016 Merek (trademark), UU 28/2014 Hak Cipta (copyright), UU Patene. Blok ketiga: Madrid Protocol 1989 — international trademark registration via single application (Indonesia ratified via UU 5/2017, effective 2 Januari 2018). PCT 1970 (Patent Cooperation Treaty) — international patent filing (Indonesia ratified 1997). Blok keempat: Geographical Indications (GI) dan Traditional Knowledge (TK) — Toraja Coffee GI, Batik UNESCO Intangible Heritage 2009. Mini-case IP Indonesia. Output: mahasiswa mampu design IP protection strategy untuk Indonesia company yang expand internasional. Persiapan: baca TRIPS text, Paris Convention, Berne Convention, Madrid Protocol, PCT. Mengapa IP Internasional Critical IP adalah aset tak berwujud yang paling berharga di era knowledge economy — protection lintas batas krusial.
Global IP Value
~US$ 65 T+
Intangible assets share S&P 500 (di-hedge)
PCT Applications
~275K+/thn
Global PCT filings 2023 (WIPO, di-hedge)
IP protection lintas batas adalah essential untuk Indonesia companies yang expand internasional. Tanpa protection, competitors dapat copy freely.
Statistik ini menjelaskan magnitude IP internasional. Global IP value ~US$ 65 triliun+ sebagai intangible assets share dari S&P 500 market value (di-hedge, Ocean Tomo annual study). Intangible assets (patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, brand) sekarang dominant value driver. PCT applications ~275 ribu+ per tahun globally (WIPO 2023, di-hedge). Asia growth significant — China sekarang largest PCT filer. Indonesia PCT filings masih modest (~300-500/year, di-hedge) tetapi growing. Madrid Protocol applications ~70 ribu+/thn globally (di-hedge). Untuk Indonesia, IP protection lintas batas adalah essential untuk companies yang expand internasional. Tanpa protection, competitors dapat copy freely products, brands, dan technologies. Strategi: (1) Identify IP assets (patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets); (2) Determine jurisdictions untuk protection; (3) Use treaty mechanisms (PCT, Madrid) untuk efisiensi; (4) Enforce against infringers. Indonesia sebagai WIPO member dan party ke semua major IP treaties — framework lengkap untuk IP protection. Strategi nasional: Indonesia harus increase IP awareness dan filings untuk competitive advantage. Bagian 1 · 1/4
TRIPS Agreement 1994: 7 Bagian
Diskusi kelas: perusahaan software Indonesia ingin protect product di 50+ negara. Apa TRIPS protection?
Blok pertama mendalami TRIPS Agreement 1994. TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) adalah WTO agreement yang bind 164 WTO members (semua WTO members tunduk TRIPS). 7 bagian: Part I General provisions and basic principles (national treatment, MFN, minimum standards); Part II Standards concerning availability, scope, and use of IP rights (copyright, trademarks, GIs, industrial designs, patents, layout-designs, undisclosed information); Part III Enforcement of IP rights (general obligations, civil/administrative procedures, provisional measures, border measures, criminal procedures); Part IV Acquisition and maintenance of IP rights; Part V Dispute prevention and settlement (WTO DSU); Part VI Transitional arrangements (LDCs longer); Part VII Institutional arrangements. TRIPS minimum standards: copyright life+50 years, trademarks 7 years renewable, patents 20 years from filing. Enforcement: WTO DSU — Indonesia cases DS406 Clove, DS490 Biodiesel bukan pure IP tetapi trade-related. Pertanyaan diskusi: perusahaan software Indonesia protect product di 50+ negara — TRIPS protection: (a) Copyright automatic per Berne; (b) Patent per PCT jika inventive; (c) Trademark per Madrid jika brand; (d) Trade secret via contractual + national law. Strategi: layer protection. TRIPS Agreement: 7 Bagian Detail TRIPS adalah comprehensive WTO IP agreement — 7 bagian dengan minimum standards dan enforcement.
Bagian Substansi Key Standards Part I General National treatment, MFN, minimum standards Article 3-4 Part II.1 Copyright Berne + software, databases Life + 50 tahun minimum Part II.2 Trademarks Paris + service marks, well-known marks 7 tahun initial, renewable Part II.3 Geographical Indications Protect GIs (mis. Champagne, Toraja Coffee) Article 22-24 Part II.4 Industrial Designs Protect designs 10 tahun minimum Part II.5 Patents Product & process, all fields tech 20 tahun from filing Part II.6 Layout-Designs (IC) Integrated circuits 10 tahun Part II.7 Undisclosed Information Trade secrets, test data Article 39 Part III Enforcement Civil, administrative, criminal, border Article 41-61 Part V Dispute Settlement WTO DSU Article 64 Part VI Transitional LDCs longer transition Until 2021+ (extended)
TRIPS: minimum standards + WTO enforcement. Indonesia compliant via UU 20/2016, UU 28/2014, UU Patene. Strategi: layer protection.
Mari pelajari TRIPS Agreement 7 bagian detail. Part I General provisions — national treatment (Article 3: each member shall accord nationals of other members treatment no less favorable than it accords to its own nationals); MFN (Article 4: any advantage shall be accorded to nationals of all other members); minimum standards. Part II.1 Copyright — Berne Convention 1971 (Paris Act) plus TRIPS additions untuk software (as literary work) dan databases (compilation). Minimum protection: life of author + 50 tahun. Part II.2 Trademarks — Paris Convention plus service marks dan well-known marks (Article 6bis Paris). Protection 7 tahun initial, renewable indefinitely. Part II.3 Geographical Indications (GIs) — protect indications identify good originating in territory where quality, reputation, atau characteristic attributable to geographical origin (mis. Champagne, Cognac, Toraja Coffee, Java). Article 22 general protection; Article 23 additional protection untuk wines and spirits. Part II.4 Industrial Designs — protect designs. 10 tahun minimum protection. Part II.5 Patents — product and process patents, all fields of technology (Pharma, software dalam batas). 20 tahun from filing date. Compulsory licensing allowed dengan conditions. Part II.6 Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits — protect IC layout designs. 10 tahun. Part II.7 Undisclosed Information — trade secrets (Article 39.2) dan test data untuk pharmaceutical/agricultural chemicals (Article 39.3). Part III Enforcement — civil dan administrative procedures (injunctions, damages), provisional measures, border measures (customs), criminal procedures untuk willful trademark counterfeiting atau copyright piracy. Part V Dispute Settlement — WTO DSU (Article 64). Indonesia cases DS406 Clove cigarettes (US lost, Indonesia won), DS490 Biodiesel (US lost, Indonesia won) — trade-related, bukan pure IP. Part VI Transitional arrangements — LDCs longer transition (extended until 2021+, terus diperpanjang). Strategi Indonesia: TRIPS compliant via UU 20/2016 Merek, UU 28/2014 Hak Cipta, UU Patene, UU Desain Industri, UU Rahasia Dagang, UU Varietas Tanaman, dll. Paris Convention 1883 & Berne 1886 Dua treaty foundational IP — Paris untuk industrial property, Berne untuk copyright.
Aspek Paris Convention 1883 Berne Convention 1886 Type Industrial property (paten, merek, desain) Copyright (literary, artistic works) Members 179 negara 181 negara Indonesia Ratified via UU 11/1997 Ratified via UU 4/1997 National treatment Article 2-3 Article 5 Priority right Article 4 (6 bulan paten, 6 bulan merek) Tidak ada Automatic protection Tidak — formal registration per national YA — automatic, no formal registration Common rule Independence of patents Independence of protection Minimum protection Patent 20 tahun, trademark 7 tahun Life + 50 tahun Well-known marks Article 6bis — protect well-known marks — Indonesia implement UU Patene, UU 20/2016 Merek UU 28/2014 Hak Cipta
Paris + Berne: foundation international IP. Indonesia compliant. Priority right Paris critical untuk patent/merek filing lintas batas.
Mari bandingkan Paris Convention 1883 dengan Berne Convention 1886 — dua treaty foundational international IP. Paris Convention 1883 untuk industrial property (paten, merek, desain industri, utilitas model, service marks, trade names, GIs, repression unfair competition). 179 negara parties. Indonesia ratified via UU 11/1997. National treatment Article 2-3 — setiap member shall accord nationals of other members treatment same as own nationals. Priority right Article 4 — jika file aplikasi di one member, dapat claim priority untuk file di other members within period: 12 bulan untuk paten, 6 bulan untuk merek dan desain. Priority right critical — file pertama di Indonesia, kemudian dapat extend ke other countries dengan priority date Indonesia filing. Independence of patents Article 4bis — patent di one country independent dari patent di other country untuk same invention. Berne Convention 1886 untuk copyright (literary, artistic works, software post-TRIPS). 181 negara parties. Indonesia ratified via UU 4/1997. National treatment Article 5. Tidak ada priority right — tidak diperlukan karena automatic protection. Automatic protection Article 5(2) — protection shall not be conditional upon compliance with any formality. Tidak perlu formal registration. Minimum protection life + 50 tahun. Independence of protection Article 5(3). Well-known marks Article 6bis Paris — protect well-known marks (mis. Coca-Cola, Apple). Indonesia implement Paris via UU Patene, UU 20/2016 Merek. Indonesia implement Berne via UU 28/2014 Hak Cipta. Strategi: untuk patent/merek lintas batas, claim Paris priority right — file pertama di Indonesia, extend ke others. Untuk copyright, protection automatic tetapi registration useful untuk evidence. Bagian 2 · 2/4
Indonesia IP Law: UU 20/2016, UU 28/2014, UU Patene
Diskusi kelas: bagaimana Indonesia IP law membandingkan dengan TRIPS minimum standards?
Blok kedua mendalami Indonesia IP law dan perbandingan dengan TRIPS. Indonesia punya comprehensive IP law framework: (1) UU 20/2016 tentang Merek dan Indikasi Geografis (trademark + GI); (2) UU 28/2014 tentang Hak Cipta (copyright); (3) UU 14/2001 Paten (sekarang UU 13/2016); (4) UU 30/2000 Rahasia Dagang (trade secret); (5) UU 31/2000 Desain Industri (industrial design); (6) UU 32/2000 Desain Tata Letak Sirkuit Terpadu (IC layout); (7) UU 29/2000 Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman (plant variety); (8) UU 19/2002 (sekarang UU 28/2014) Hak Cipta. Perbandingan dengan TRIPS minimum standards: (a) Merek — UU 20/2016 10 tahun renewable, TRIPS 7 tahun minimum (Indonesia lebih generous); (b) Hak Cipta — UU 28/2014 life + 70 tahun (untuk certain), TRIPS life + 50 tahun minimum (Indonesia lebih generous); (c) Paten — UU 13/2016 20 tahun, TRIPS 20 tahun (sesuai); (d) Desain Industri — UU 31/2000 10 tahun, TRIPS 10 tahun (sesuai). Strategi: Indonesia IP law mostly TRIPS compliant atau lebih generous. Implementation via Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Intelektual (DJKI) Kemenkumham. Strategi perusahaan Indonesia: register IP di DJKI, kemudian extend via Madrid (merek) atau PCT (paten) untuk protection internasional. Indonesia IP Law Framework Indonesia punya 7+ IP laws — comprehensive framework TRIPS compliant atau lebih generous.
UU Subjek Protection Term TRIPS Compare UU 20/2016 Merek & Indikasi Geografis 10 tahun (renewable) > TRIPS 7 thn minimum UU 28/2014 Hak Cipta (copyright) Life + 70 thn (certain) atau 50 thn > TRIPS life+50 thn minimum UU 13/2016 Paten 20 thn (paten); 10 thn (paten sederhana) = TRIPS 20 thn UU 30/2000 Rahasia Dagang (trade secret) Selama rahasia (no term) = TRIPS Art. 39 UU 31/2000 Desain Industri 10 thn (5+5) = TRIPS 10 thn UU 32/2000 Desain Tata Letak Sirkuit 10 thn = TRIPS 10 thn UU 29/2000 Varietas Tanaman (PVT) 20 thn (tanaman), 25 thn (pohon) UPOV compliant Indikasi Geografis GI (UU 20/2016) Tidak terbatas jika maintain = TRIPS Trade dress Tidak spesifik (cover merek) — — Domain name .id via PANDI Renewal annual UDRP-style
Indonesia IP law: TRIPS compliant atau lebih generous. DJKI Kemenkumham sebagai IP office. Strategi: register + extend via Madrid/PCT.
Mari pelajari Indonesia IP law framework. UU 20/2016 tentang Merek dan Indikasi Geografis — merek (trademark) 10 tahun renewable tidak terbatas. Indikasi Geografis (GI) tidak terbatas jika maintain. TRIPS minimum 7 tahun untuk merek — Indonesia lebih generous. UU 28/2014 tentang Hak Cipta — life of author + 70 tahun untuk certain works (cinematographic, photographic, computer programs); life + 50 tahun untuk others. TRIPS minimum life + 50 tahun — Indonesia lebih generous. UU 13/2016 tentang Patene — 20 tahun untuk paten (invention patent); 10 tahun untuk paten sederhana (utility innovation). TRIPS minimum 20 tahun untuk invention patent — sesuai. UU 30/2000 tentang Rahasia Dagang — trade secret protected selama information remains secret. TRIPS Article 39 sesuai. UU 31/2000 tentang Desain Industri — 10 tahun (5 + 5 extension). TRIPS minimum 10 tahun — sesuai. UU 32/2000 tentang Desain Tata Letak Sirkuit Terpadu — IC layout designs 10 tahun. TRIPS 10 tahun — sesuai. UU 29/2000 tentang Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman (PVT) — 20 tahun untuk tanaman, 25 tahun untuk pohon. UPOV Convention compliant. Indikasi Geografis — bagian dari UU 20/2016, tidak terbatas jika maintain. Trade dress — tidak regulated spesifik, cover di merek. Domain name .id — via PANDI (Perkumpulan Pengelola Nama Domain Internet Indonesia) dengan UDRP-style dispute resolution. Indonesia IP law framework comprehensive dan TRIPS compliant atau lebih generous. Implementation via Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Intelektual (DJKI) di bawah Kemenkumham. Strategi perusahaan Indonesia: register IP di DJKI sebagai base, kemudian extend protection internasional via Madrid Protocol (merek) atau PCT (paten). Bagian 3 · 3/4
Madrid Protocol & PCT
Diskusi kelas: perusahaan Indonesia ingin protect merek di 20 negara. Apa strategi optimal?
Blok ketiga mendalami Madrid Protocol dan PCT — dua mekanisme international registration. Madrid Protocol 1989 — international trademark registration via single application. Indonesia ratified via UU 5/2017, effective 2 Januari 2018. Mekanisme: (1) File base application di DJKI Indonesia; (2) Submit international application via DJKI ke WIPO International Bureau di Geneva; (3) WIPO examine formalitas, register di International Register, publish di Gazette; (4) Designate member countries tempat protection sought; (5) Setiap designated country examine per national law dalam 12-18 bulan; (6) Jika no refusal within period, protection extended. Keuntungan: single application, single language (English/Spanish/French), single fee, centralized management (renewal, transfer). Cost efficient untuk multiple jurisdictions. PCT 1970 (Patent Cooperation Treaty) — international patent filing. Indonesia ratified 1997. Mekanisme: (1) File international application via DJKI sebagai receiving office; (2) International Searching Authority (ISA) conduct search dan issue written opinion; (3) Publish internationally at 18 months from priority; (4) Optional International Preliminary Examination; (5) National phase — file national applications di designated countries within 30 months dari priority. Keuntungan: defer national filing cost (18-30 bulan), unified search dan examination, easier decision which countries. Strategi: untuk merek multi-negara, Madrid Protocol efisien. Untuk paten multi-negara, PCT efisien. Pertanyaan diskusi: protect merek di 20 negara — Madrid Protocol single application ke 20 designations. Jika file individual di 20 negara, biaya ~US$ 100-200 ribu (lawyer fees + government fees × 20). Madrid Protocol biaya ~US$ 5-10 ribu (basic fee + 20 designations × complementary fees). Strategi optimal: Madrid Protocol. Madrid Protocol & PCT Comparison Dua mekanisme international IP registration — Madrid untuk merek, PCT untuk paten.
Aspek Madrid Protocol PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) Type Trademark international registration Patent international filing Indonesia ratified UU 5/2017, effective 2 Jan 2018 UU 5/1997, effective 1997 Members 130+ countries 157+ countries Mechanism Single application → WIPO → designations International filing → ISA → national phase Base requirement Base application/registration di home country Resident/national of PCT contracting state Timeline 12-18 bulan examination per designation 30 bulan national phase Cost (20 countries, di-hedge) ~US$ 5-15K (basic + designations) ~US$ 5-10K international + national phase Central management YA — renewal, transfer, change Tidak — national phase independent Examination Per national law di designation ISA + national examination Best for Brand protection multi-jurisdiction Patent defer cost, decision time
Madrid + PCT: efisiensi multi-jurisdiction IP protection. Indonesia ratified keduanya. Strategi: file base di DJKI, extend via Madrid/PCT.
Mari bandingkan Madrid Protocol dengan PCT. Madrid Protocol 1989 — international trademark registration via single application. Indonesia ratified via UU 5/2017, effective 2 Januari 2018. 130+ contracting parties. Mechanism: (1) File base application atau registration di DJKI Indonesia (home country); (2) Submit international application via DJKI sebagai Office of Origin ke WIPO International Bureau di Geneva; (3) WIPO examine formalitas, register di International Register, publish di WIPO Gazette of International Marks; (4) Designate member countries tempat protection sought; (5) Setiap designated country examine per national law dalam 12-18 bulan; (6) Jika no refusal atau refusal overcome, protection extended. Central management — renewal, transfer, change ownership dapat dilakukan satu kali untuk semua designations. PCT 1970 (Patent Cooperation Treaty) — international patent filing. Indonesia ratified via UU 5/1997, effective 1997. 157+ contracting states. Mechanism: (1) File international application via DJKI sebagai Receiving Office (atau IB directly); (2) International Searching Authority (ISA — mis. EPO, USPTO, JPO, Korean IPO) conduct prior art search dan issue Written Opinion; (3) Publish internationally at 18 months from priority date; (4) Optional International Preliminary Examination (Chapter II); (5) National phase — file national applications di designated countries within 30 months dari priority (atau 31 bulan beberapa). Keuntungan: defer national filing cost 18-30 bulan, unified search dan examination, easier decision which countries. National phase independent — tidak central management. Strategi: untuk merek multi-negara, Madrid Protocol efisien (single application, central management). Untuk paten multi-negara, PCT efisien (defer cost, unified search). Indonesia ratified keduanya — strategi optimal: file base di DJKI Indonesia, extend via Madrid/PCT untuk protection internasional. Bagian 4 · 4/4
GI, TK & Mini-Case Toraja/Batik
Diskusi kelas: bagaimana Indonesia melindungi Toraja Coffee dan Batik di kancah internasional?
Blok penutup mendalami Geographical Indications (GI), Traditional Knowledge (TK), dan mini-case. Geographical Indications (GIs) — protect indications identify good originating in territory where quality, reputation, atau characteristic attributable to geographical origin. Examples global: Champagne (perancis), Cognac, Roquefort, Parmigiano-Reggiano, Darjeeling tea, Scotch whisky. Indonesia GIs: Toraja Coffee, Gayo Coffee, Kintamani Bali Coffee, Java Coffee, Muntok White Pepper, Kopi Luwak, dll. GI protection: UU 20/2016 Pasal 53-67; international via Lisbon Agreement 1958 (Indonesia NOT party) atau bilateral FTAs. Strategi Indonesia: register GI di DJKI + bilateral recognition. Traditional Knowledge (TK) — knowledge, know-how, skills, practices yang indigenous/local communities develop dan transmit generation ke generation. Examples: Jamu (Indonesia traditional medicine), Batik (Indonesia textile), Wayang, dll. TK protection: tidak ada universal treaty. WIPO IGC (Intergovernmental Committee) sedang negotiate treaty. Indonesia UU 19/2002 (savings) untuk beberapa. Batik — UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage 2009. Strategi Indonesia: UNESCO inscription + national law + brand building. Toraja Coffee — registered GI Indonesia, working towards international recognition. Strategi: register GI nationally, build brand reputation, pursue international recognition via bilateral atau WIPO mechanisms. Mini-case pelajaran: IP protection lintas batas memerlukan strategi multi-layer — domestic registration + international extension + brand building + enforcement. IP Strategy untuk Indonesia Company Tujuh langkah IP strategy untuk Indonesia company yang expand internasional.
Step Action Output 1. IP audit Identify semua IP assets (paten, merek, HC, rahasia dagang, desain) IP inventory 2. Prioritize Identify core IP vs secondary Priority list 3. Domestic registration File di DJKI Indonesia sebagai base Indonesia IP rights 4. International strategy Identify jurisdictions penting (market, manufacturing, competitors) Jurisdiction list 5. File internasional Madrid Protocol untuk merek; PCT untuk paten; bilateral untuk HC International IP rights 6. Enforcement Monitor infringement, take action (cease & desist, litigation) Protected IP 7. Maintenance Renew timely, monitor use, update strategy Maintained IP
Strategi IP multi-layer: audit + prioritize + domestic + international + enforce + maintain. Investasi IP = competitive advantage.
Mari pelajari 7 langkah IP strategy untuk Indonesia company yang expand internasional. Pertama, IP audit — identify semua IP assets perusahaan: paten (inventions), merek (trademarks — brand, logo, slogan), hak cipta (software, content, designs), rahasia dagang (formulas, processes), desain industri (product designs). Output: IP inventory. Kedua, Prioritize — identify core IP (strategic value tinggi) vs secondary. Allocate resources. Output: priority list. Ketiga, Domestic registration — file applications di DJKI Indonesia sebagai base untuk international extension. Paten via UU 13/2016, merek via UU 20/2016, hak cipta via UU 28/2014 (optional registration untuk evidence). Output: Indonesia IP rights. Keempat, International strategy — identify jurisdictions penting berdasarkan: (a) Market — tempat sell products; (b) Manufacturing — tempat produce; (c) Competitors — tempat competitors operate; (d) Treaty availability. Output: jurisdiction list. Kelima, File internasional — Madrid Protocol untuk merek (single application ke multiple designations); PCT untuk paten (defer cost, unified search); bilateral atau Berne automatic untuk hak cipta. Output: international IP rights. Keenam, Enforcement — monitor infringement (online marketplace, customs, market surveillance), take action (cease & desist letters, litigation, administrative action). Output: protected IP. Ketujuh, Maintenance — renew timely (merek 10 tahun, paten 20 tahun annual fee), monitor use (merek harus used atau dapat cancel), update strategy (markets change, new IP developed). Output: maintained IP. Strategi multi-layer: audit + prioritize + domestic + international + enforce + maintain. Investasi IP = competitive advantage dan intangible asset value. Hitung dari Nol: IP Strategy Cost-Benefit Skenario: perusahaan software Indonesia revenue US$ 50 juta, akan expand ke 10 negara ASEAN+US+EU. Hitung IP cost vs value protected.
Komponen Perhitungan Nilai 1. IP audit Internal + external consultant US$ 10-30 ribu (one-time) 2. Domestic registration (DJKI) Merek + hak cipta + paten US$ 1-3 ribu 3. Madrid Protocol (10 countries) Basic + 10 designations US$ 5-10 ribu 4. PCT (international + national phase 5 countries) Paten — defer 30 bulan US$ 5-15 ribu 5. Legal counsel IP lawyer preparation + filing US$ 10-30 ribu 6. Total IP cost (year 1) — US$ 31-88 ribu 7. IP value protected Brand value + software IP + patent US$ 10-30 juta (estimate) 8. Risk if no protection Competitor copy freely → market loss US$ 5-15 juta loss (di-hedge) 9. Annual maintenance Renewal + enforcement monitoring US$ 5-15 ribu/thn 10. ROI IP investment Value protected / cost ~200-500× (di-hedge) 11. Enforcement action (if needed) Per case litigation US$ 50-500 ribu
IP investment US$ 31-88K protect US$ 10-30 juta IP value. ROI 200-500×. Strategi: investasi IP adalah strategic competitive advantage.
Mari hitung dari nol IP strategy cost-benefit. Skenario: perusahaan software Indonesia revenue US$ 50 juta, akan expand ke 10 negara ASEAN+US+EU. Pertama, IP audit — internal + external consultant = US$ 10-30 ribu (one-time). Kedua, Domestic registration DJKI untuk merek + hak cipta + paten = US$ 1-3 ribu. Ketiga, Madrid Protocol untuk merek ke 10 countries = US$ 5-10 ribu (basic fee + designations). Keempat, PCT untuk paten — international phase + national phase 5 countries = US$ 5-15 ribu. Kelima, Legal counsel IP lawyer preparation + filing = US$ 10-30 ribu. Total IP cost year 1 = US$ 31-88 ribu. IP value protected — brand value + software IP (copyright) + patent = US$ 10-30 juta (estimate konservatif untuk company US$ 50M revenue). Risk if no protection — competitor copy freely, market loss = US$ 5-15 juta loss (di-hedge). Annual maintenance — renewal + enforcement monitoring = US$ 5-15 ribu per tahun. ROI IP investment = value protected / cost = US$ 10-30 juta / US$ 31-88 ribu = ~200-500× (di-hedge). Enforcement action per case litigation = US$ 50-500 ribu. Strategi: investasi IP adalah strategic competitive advantage dengan ROI sangat tinggi (200-500×). IP adalah intangible asset yang paling berharga di knowledge economy. Indonesia companies harus increase IP awareness dan investasi protection. Strategi optimal: mulai dengan IP audit, prioritize core IP, register domestic + extend internasional, enforce aktif, maintain periodical. Trade Secrets & Undisclosed Information Trade secrets — informasi berharga yang dirahasiakan. Perlindungan tanpa registration.
Aspek Trade Secret Patent Protection mechanism Confidentiality + contractual Registration dengan disclosure Duration Selama rahasia (no term) 20 tahun from filing Disclosure NO — harus rahasia YA — public disclosure Enforcement Sue untuk misappropriation Sue untuk infringement Subject matter Any info dengan economic value Inventions (technical) Reverse engineering Allowed (tidak misappropriation) — Indonesia UU 30/2000 Rahasia Dagang UU 13/2016 Patene TRIPS Article 39 Article 27-34
Trade secrets: protection selama rahasia. Strategi: NDA + access controls + employee training. Coca-Cola formula terkenal sebagai trade secret.
Mari pelajari trade secrets dan undisclosed information. Trade secrets — informasi berharga yang dirahasiakan untuk economic advantage. Tidak perlu registration. Berbeda dari patent yang require disclosure untuk get 20 tahun protection. Trade secret protection selama informasi remains secret. Coca-Cola formula terkenal sebagai trade secret (sejak 1886, masih confidential lebih dari 135 tahun). Protection mechanism: confidentiality measures + contractual (NDA, Non-Disclosure Agreement). Employee training. Access controls. Enforcement: sue untuk misappropriation (acquisition oleh improper means atau disclosure/breach). Reverse engineering allowed — tidak misappropriation jika independently develop. Indonesia implement via UU 30/2000 tentang Rahasia Dagang. TRIPS Article 39 mengatur. Strategi perusahaan Indonesia: (1) Identify trade secrets (formulas, processes, customer lists, source code, dll); (2) Implement confidentiality measures (access controls, NDA); (3) Employee training; (4) Periodic review. Strategi: kombinasi patent untuk inventions (disclosure dalam 20 tahun protection) + trade secret untuk process knowledge (indefinite protection jika confidential). IP Enforcement: Indonesia & Cross-Border IP enforcement multi-layer — civil, criminal, administrative, border measures.
Mechanism Indonesia International 1. Civil litigation Pengadilan Niaga, PN Commercial Each jurisdiction national courts 2. Criminal prosecution UU 20/2016 Merek, UU 28/2014 HC TRIPS Article 61 3. Administrative action DJKI cancellation proceedings Opposition, invalidation 4. Border measures Bea Cukai recordal TRIPS Article 51-60 5. Customs recordal Indonesia Customs EU, US CBP, dll 6. ADR/mediation WIPO Mediation Center — 7. Online enforcement Marketplace takedown DMCA, e-commerce platforms 8. WIPO Arbitration — For cross-border disputes
IP enforcement: multi-layer (civil + criminal + administrative + border + online). Strategi: kombinasi untuk effective protection.
Mari pelajari IP enforcement multi-layer. Pertama, Civil litigation — Pengadilan Niaga (Commercial Court) di Indonesia untuk IP disputes. PN (Pengadilan Negeri) untuk certain. International: each jurisdiction national courts. Damages, injunctions. Kedua, Criminal prosecution — UU 20/2016 Merek, UU 28/2014 Hak Cipta criminalize infringement. Penalty prison + fine. TRIPS Article 61 requires criminal procedures untuk willful trademark counterfeiting atau copyright piracy on commercial scale. Ketiga, Administrative action — DJKI cancellation proceedings untuk invalid IP rights. Opposition dalam 2 bulan dari publication merek. International: opposition dan invalidation per national IP office. Keempat, Border measures — Bea Cukai recordal untuk suspend release suspected infringing goods. TRIPS Article 51-60 mengatur. Indonesia via Peraturan Direktur Jenderal Bea dan Cukai. Kelima, Customs recordal — Indonesia Customs database. EU Application for Action (AFA), US CBP recordal, dll. Keenam, ADR/mediation — WIPO Mediation Center untuk IP disputes. Ketujuh, Online enforcement — marketplace takedown (Tokopedia, Shopee, Lazada untuk Indonesia; Amazon, Alibaba global). DMCA untuk US copyright takedown. Strategi: kombinasi mechanisms untuk effective protection. Investasi enforcement essential — IP without enforcement is worthless. Indonesia IP Filing Trends Indonesia IP filing trends — growing tetapi masih modest dibanding regional peers.
IP Type Indonesia Annual Filings Growth Trend Trademarks (merek) ~200.000+/thn (di-hedge) Strong growth, Madrid impact Patents ~15.000+/thn (di-hedge) Steady growth Industrial Designs ~10.000+/thn (di-hedge) Growing Copyrights ~10.000+/thn (di-hedge, voluntary registration) Growing GIs (Indikasi Geografis) ~100+/thn (di-hedge) Strategic focus Plant Varieties ~500+/thn (di-hedge) Strategic PCT applications (national phase) ~300-500/thn (di-hedge) Modest Madrid designations received ~5.000+/thn (di-hedge) Significant sejak 2018
Indonesia IP filing growing. Trademarks dominant. Strategi: increase patent filings untuk innovation economy.
Mari pelajari Indonesia IP filing trends. Trademarks (merek) — ~200.000+ applications per tahun (di-hedge, DJKI stats). Strong growth driven oleh ekonomi digital dan Madrid Protocol impact sejak 2018. Patents — ~15.000+ applications per tahun (di-hedge). Steady growth tetapi masih modest dibanding China (~1,5 juta), US (~600K), Jepang (~300K). Strategi: increase innovation dan patent filings. Industrial Designs — ~10.000+ per tahun (di-hedge). Growing. Copyrights — ~10.000+ voluntary registrations per tahun (di-hedge). Note: copyright protection automatic per Berne, registration optional untuk evidence. GIs (Indikasi Geografis) — ~100+ per tahun (di-hedge). Strategic focus untuk Indonesia products (Toraja Coffee, Gayo, dll). Plant Varieties — ~500+ per tahun (di-hedge). Strategic untuk Indonesia agriculture. PCT applications (national phase entry) — ~300-500 per tahun (di-hedge). Modest — room to grow untuk Indonesia innovation international. Madrid designations received — ~5.000+ per tahun (di-hedge). Significant sejak Indonesia ratified Madrid Protocol 2018. Strategi nasional: increase IP awareness dan filings, khususnya patents untuk innovation economy. Strategi perusahaan: file IP strategically untuk protect innovations dan brands. IP & Digital Economy: Software, AI, Data IP challenges di era digital — software, AI-generated, big data, platform.
Challenge Issue Status 1. Software patentability Computer-implemented inventions (CII) Indonesia restrictive; liberal di US/Jepang 2. AI-generated works Authorship AI-generated Open question global 3. Big data & database rights Sui generis protection EU Database Directive; Indonesia? 4. Domain name disputes Cybersquatting UDRP via PANDI .id 5. Online piracy Streaming, file sharing DMCA takedown 6. Platform liability Safe harbor DMCA Section 512; Indonesia UU ITE 7. Open source licensing GPL, MIT, Apache Contract-based, viral effects 8. Trade secrets in cloud Confidentiality cloud Contractual safeguards
IP digital economy: evolving. Strategi: combination of IP rights + contractual + technical safeguards.
Mari pelajari IP challenges di era digital. Pertama, Software patentability — Computer-Implemented Inventions (CII). Indonesia Patene restrictive (program computer sebagai pengecualian). Liberal di US (State Street), Jepang, EPO (technical effect test). Strategi: claim technical effect untuk software patent. Kedua, AI-generated works — authorship AI-generated (mis. DALL-E, GPT art). Open question global: siapa author — AI developer, user, atau no protection? US Copyright Office: human authorship required. EU AI Act 2024 mengatur. Strategi: hybrid human-AI untuk maintain copyright. Ketiga, Big data dan database rights — EU Database Directive (sui generis protection untuk substantial investment databases). Indonesia tidak ada. Strategi: contractual protection. Keempat, Domain name disputes — cybersquatting. UDRP (Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy) ICANN. Indonesia PANDI untuk .id disputes. Strategi: record trademark, file UDRP jika cybersquatting. Kelima, Online piracy — streaming, file sharing. DMCA takedown notice. Strategi: monitor + takedown + litigation. Keenam, Platform liability — safe harbor untuk user content. DMCA Section 512 US. Indonesia UU ITE Pasal 15 safe harbor. Ketujuh, Open source licensing — GPL (copyleft viral), MIT (permissive), Apache. Contract-based. Viral effects untuk derivatives. Strategi: understand license terms. Kedelapan, Trade secrets in cloud — confidentiality challenges. Cloud provider access. Strategi: encryption, contractual safeguards, access controls. Strategi optimal IP digital economy: combination of IP rights (patent, copyright, trademark) + contractual (NDA, license) + technical safeguards (encryption, access controls). IP & Competition Law Intersection IP dan competition law — tension antara exclusive rights dan market competition.
Issue Substansi Indonesia 1. IP licensing restrictions Anti-competitive license terms UU 5/1999 + KPPU 2. Patent pooling Multiple patents bundle licensing Pro-competitive jika open 3. Standard-Essential Patents (SEP) Patents essential untuk standards (5G, Wi-Fi) FRAND licensing 4. Pay-for-delay Reverse payments dari branded ke generic Anti-competitive 5. Refusal to license Single firm refuse license Exceptional circumstances 6. Tying & bundling IP license conditional dengan other products Case-by-case 7. Excessive pricing Monopoly IP holder charge excessive Case-by-case 8. Patent thickets Dense web patents deter entry Strategic concern
IP-competition: tension. Indonesia KPPU + UU 5/1999. Strategi: balance IP rights dengan competitive market.
Mari pelajari IP dan competition law intersection. Pertama, IP licensing restrictions — anti-competitive license terms (mis. resale price maintenance, territorial restrictions, grant-backs). Indonesia UU 5/1999 + KPPU (Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha) mengatur. Kedua, Patent pooling — multiple patents bundle licensing. Pro-competitive jika open dan non-exclusive (mis. MPEG pool, pharmaceutical pool WHO). Anti-competitive jika closed dan exclusive. Ketiga, Standard-Essential Patents (SEP) — patents essential untuk standards (5G, Wi-Fi, codec). FRAND (Fair, Reasonable, and Non-Discriminatory) licensing commitment. Cases: Huawei v Samsung, Unwired Planet v Huawei. Strategi: FRAND terms. Keempat, Pay-for-delay — reverse payments dari branded pharma ke generic untuk delay entry. Anti-competitive (US Actavis case). Indonesia tidak explicit tetapi KPPU dapat challenge. Kelima, Refusal to license — single firm refuse license IP. Generally allowed (IP exclusive right) kecuali exceptional circumstances (EU Microsoft case). Keenam, Tying dan bundling — IP license conditional dengan other products. Case-by-case rule of reason. Ketujuh, Excessive pricing — monopoly IP holder charge excessive. Case-by-case. EU enforcement. Kedelapan, Patent thickets — dense web patents deter entry. Strategic concern (mis. pharma, tech). Strategi: balance IP rights (incentive innovate) dengan competitive market (consumer welfare). Indonesia KPPU + UU 5/1999 enforcement. IP Strategy Case Studies Tiga case study IP strategy — big tech, pharma, dan Indonesia SME.
Case Strategy Outcome Apple iPhone ecosystem Patent + design + trademark + trade dress + ecosystem Multi-layer protection, premium pricing Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine Patent + trade secret + trademark (Comirnaty) US$ 30B+ revenue 2021-2022 Indonesia SME batik Hak Cipta + GI (if regional) + trademark Brand protection, premium market access Google Search algorithm Trade secret (no patent disclosure) Indefinite protection selama confidential Coca-Cola formula Trade secret sejak 1886 Brand + secret Toraja Coffee GI registration Indonesia + bilateral recognition Premium pricing, anti-counterfeit Tokopedia platform Patent (some) + copyright + trademark + trade secret Multi-layer tech IP
IP strategy case studies: multi-layer protection optimal. Indonesia SME dapat learn dari big players.
Mari pelajari IP strategy case studies. Pertama, Apple iPhone ecosystem — multi-layer protection: patent (technology), design (appearance), trademark (brand), trade dress (overall look), ecosystem (services lock-in). Strategi optimal untuk premium pricing dan competitive moat. Revenue ~US$ 400 miliar Apple 2024. Kedua, Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine (Comirnaty) — patent (mRNA technology), trade secret (manufacturing process), trademark (brand name). US$ 30 miliar+ revenue 2021-2022. Strategi: leverage multi-IP untuk capture value dari innovation. Ketiga, Indonesia SME batik — Hak Cipta untuk designs, GI jika regional (Batik Jogja, dll), trademark untuk brand. Strategi: brand protection, premium market access, anti-counterfeit. Keempat, Google Search algorithm — trade secret (no patent disclosure untuk prevent competitors learn). Indefinite protection selama confidential. Strategi: choose trade secret jika can maintain confidentiality. Kelima, Coca-Cola formula — trade secret sejak 1886 (135+ tahun). Brand + secret = iconic. Strategi: some innovations better sebagai trade secret than patent. Keenam, Toraja Coffee — GI registration di Indonesia + bilateral recognition (mis. EU FTA pending). Premium pricing, anti-counterfeit. Strategi: Indonesia products leverage GI untuk international differentiation. Ketujuh, Tokopedia platform — patent (some aspects), copyright (software), trademark (brand), trade secret (algorithms). Multi-layer tech IP. Strategi: tech companies combine IP types. Pelajaran: multi-layer protection optimal. Indonesia SME dapat learn dari big players untuk strategi IP. Ringkasan Kunci Pertemuan 12 TRIPS + Paris + Berne
WTO IP minimum standards; industrial property; copyright automatic
Madrid + PCT
International trademark registration; international patent filing
Indonesia IP Law
UU 20/2016 Merek, UU 28/2014 HC, UU 13/2016 Patene — TRIPS compliant
IP internasional: layer protection domestic + international via treaty. Strategi multi-jurisdiction efisien (Madrid, PCT). Investasi IP = competitive advantage.
Persiapan P13: baca WTO DSU text (Dispute Settlement Understanding), Appellate Body procedure, Indonesia cases DS406/490/491. Pertemuan dekat tentang WTO dispute settlement.
Sebagai penutup, tiga pesan kunci. Pertama, TRIPS Agreement 1994 (WTO) + Paris Convention 1883 (industrial property) + Berne Convention 1886 (copyright) — foundation international IP. TRIPS minimum standards + WTO enforcement via DSU. Paris priority right 12 bulan paten, 6 bulan merek. Berne automatic protection life + 50 tahun. Kedua, Madrid Protocol 1989 (international trademark registration via single application) + PCT 1970 (international patent filing defer cost). Indonesia ratified Madrid via UU 5/2017 effective 2 Januari 2018. Indonesia ratified PCT 1997. Strategi multi-jurisdiction efisien. Ketiga, Indonesia IP law framework — UU 20/2016 Merek (10 tahun renewable), UU 28/2014 Hak Cipta (life+70 tahun certain), UU 13/2016 Patene (20 tahun), UU 30/2000 Rahasia Dagang, UU 31/2000 Desain Industri, UU 29/2000 PVT. TRIPS compliant atau lebih generous. DJKI sebagai IP office. IP strategy: audit + prioritize + domestic + international + enforce + maintain. Investasi IP adalah competitive advantage dengan ROI 200-500×. Persiapan P13: baca WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) — Annex 2 WTO Agreement; Appellate Body procedure; Indonesia cases DS406 Clove Cigarettes (won), DS490 Biodiesel (won), DS491 Safe Guard (won), DS590/612 Palm Oil EU (ongoing). P13 akan mendalami WTO dispute settlement — bagaimana Indonesia resolve trade disputes via international mechanism. Kuis singkat 10 menit di awal P13 tentang TRIPS, Paris, Berne, Madrid, PCT.