Dua mekanisme pembayaran lintas batas dengan profile risk berbeda — pilih sesuai kepercayaan counterparty.
Aspek
UCP 600 (L/C)
URC 522 (Collection)
Bank obligation
Issuing bank guarantee payment jika docs comply
Bank hanya collect, tidak guarantee payment
Risk seller
Rendah (bank guarantee)
Tinggi (buyer dapat refuse payment)
Risk buyer
Tinggi (bank tetap bayar walaupun buyer tidak)
Rendah (buyer control payment)
Cost
Tinggi (issuing + advising + confirmation fee)
Rendah (collection fee flat)
Speed
Slow (multiple bank examination)
Fast (simple process)
Use case
Counterparty baru, high value, risky countries
Counterparty trusted, repeat business
D/P vs D/A
—
Documents against Payment vs Documents against Acceptance
URC 522 collection lebih murah tetapi seller menanggung risk buyer refuse. UCP 600 L/C lebih aman tetapi mahal. Trade-off cost vs risk.
Hitung dari Nol: URDG 758 Performance Guarantee
Skenario: kontrak construction US$ 100 juta, performance guarantee 10%. Hitung struktur URDG 758 guarantee.
Komponen
Perhitungan
Nilai
1. Contract value
EPC contract
US$ 100 juta
2. Performance guarantee %
10% (industry standard)
10% × US$ 100M
3. Guarantee amount
Performance guarantee
US$ 10 juta
4. Bank fee (p.a.)
1-3% p.a. of guarantee amount (di-hedge)
1,5% × US$ 10M = US$ 150K p.a.
5. Tenor
Performance period + defect liability
24 bulan construction + 12 bulan DLP = 36 bulan
6. Total bank fee
US$ 150K × 3 tahun
US$ 450.000
7. Counter-guarantee
Contractor provide counter-indemnity to issuing bank
100% — bank risk mitigated
8. Demand requirements
URDG 758 Art. 15: written demand + supporting statement
Compliant demand
9. Examination period
URDG 758 Art. 16: max 5 business days
5 hari kerja
10. Release
Setelah performance completion + DLP
36 bulan
URDG 758 Performance Guarantee: contractor bayar US$ 450K fee untuk guarantee US$ 10M selama 36 bulan — biaya kecil untuk proteksi owner.
Bagian 2 · 2/4
FX Risk Management
Diskusi kelas: perusahaan Indonesia kontrak ekspor US$ 10 juta ke EU, payment 90 hari setelah B/L. USD/EUR berubah. Bagaimana mengelola risk?
FX Risk: Empat Mekanisme Hedging
Empat instrument hedging FX yang harus dipahami manajer Indonesia lintas batas.
Instrument
Substansi
Cost
Best for
Forward FX
Lock rate hari ini untuk future conversion
Free (bank margin) atau small premium
Predictable cashflow, large transaction
FX Option (Vanilla)
Right but not obligation untuk convert pada strike
Premium 0,5-3% notional
Uncertain cashflow, hedge with upside
Currency Swap
Exchange principal + interest dalam dua currencies
Spread bank
Medium-long term financing hedge
Natural Hedge
Match revenue currency dengan cost currency
Free
Ongoing operations
FX Future
Standardized exchange-traded forward
Margin requirement
Standardized hedging, exchange-traded
Cross-currency Basis Swap
Swap principal + interest di dua currencies dengan basis spread
Basis spread
Bank wholesale funding
NDF (Non-Deliverable Forward)
Forward cash-settled (tidak deliver)
Spread bank
Emerging market currencies (CNY, INR, dll)
Tanpa hedging, FX volatility 10%+ bisa menghapus margin profit. Indonesia corporate harus punya FX hedging policy yang jelas.
Coba Sendiri: FX Quotation & Arbitrage Calculator
Pelajari FX quotation direct/indirect, cross rate, dan peluang triangular arbitrage — penting untuk manajemen risiko currency di trade finance internasional.
Hitung dari Nol: Forward FX Hedging
Skenario: seller Indonesia akan terima US$ 10 juta dalam 90 hari. Spot USD/IDR Rp 15.800; 90-day forward Rp 15.700 (-100 points). USD/IDR 90 hari aktual Rp 15.000. Bandingkan hedged vs unhedged.
Scenario
Perhitungan
Nilai IDR
1. Spot rate hari ini
USD/IDR
Rp 15.800
2. 90-day forward rate
Lock rate forward
Rp 15.700
3. 90-day spot aktual
USD/IDR 90 hari kemudian
Rp 15.000
4. Unhedged: terima di spot aktual
US$ 10M × Rp 15.000
Rp 150 miliar
5. Hedged: lock di forward Rp 15.700
US$ 10M × Rp 15.700
Rp 157 miliar
6. Hedging gain
Rp 157M − Rp 150M
Rp 7 miliar (4,7% dari unhedged)
7. Scenario upside (USD/IDR naik ke Rp 16.500)
Unhedged US$ 10M × Rp 16.500
Rp 165 miliar
8. Hedged di Rp 15.700
US$ 10M × Rp 15.700
Rp 157 miliar (loss opportunity Rp 8M)
9. Pelajaran: hedging bukan speculation
Hedging = certainty, bukan maximize profit
—
Hedging FX memberikan CERTAINTY untuk budgeting dan planning. Bukan untuk maximize profit, tetapi untuk minimize volatility.
Bagian 3 · 3/4
Sanctions: OFAC, EU, UN
Diskusi kelas: perusahaan Indonesia transaksi USD dengan perusahaan Turkey yang ada hubungan dengan Iran. Apa risiko?
Tiga Sanctions Regime Utama
Tiga regime sanctions yang paling sering impact perusahaan Indonesia: US OFAC, EU restrictive measures, UN sanctions.
Regime
Autority
Scope
Jurisdiction
US OFAC
US Treasury, OFAC
Iran, North Korea, Syria, Cuba, Crimea, Russia, Venezuela, dll
US nexus: USD, US person, US goods
EU Restrictive Measures
EU Council
Iran, Russia, Syria, North Korea, Libya, Venezuela, dll
EU territory + EU persons
UN Security Council
UNSC Resolution
North Korea, Iran (sebagian), Libya, Somalia, Sudan
Universal — semua negara PBB
UK OFSI
UK Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation
Post-Brexit UK sanctions
UK territory + UK persons
Australia DFAT
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Australia autonomous sanctions
AU territory + AU persons
Indonesia
Tidak ada sanctions law sendiri
Implement UN sanctions via Perpres
WNI + Indonesia territory
Perusahaan Indonesia yang transaksi USD atau dengan EU/UK/US persons WAJIB comply OFAC + EU + UK sanctions, walaupun tidak ada Indonesia sanctions law.
AML: FATF Recommendations & UU 8/2010 TPPU
Anti-money laundering framework global (FATF) dan Indonesia (UU 8/2010, PPATK).
Aspek
FATF Recommendations
Indonesia Implement
Authority
Financial Action Task Force — 40 Recommendations
PPATK (Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan)
AML/CFT Law
Universal framework
UU 8/2010 tentang TPPU/TPPU-PB
KYC/CDD
Customer due diligence, identification
POJK mengatur implementation per laporan
EDD (Enhanced)
High-risk customer enhanced due diligence
PEP, high-risk jurisdictions
STR/SAR
Suspicious Transaction Report
Laporan Transaksi Mencurigakan ke PPATK
Beneficial owner
Identifikasi UBO ≥ 25%
PP 58/2019 beneficial owner
Sanctions
Targeted financial sanctions
Implement UN + OFAC + EU jika ada nexus
NPO/charity
Non-profit organization CFT
Kemenkumham ham supervision
FATF Status Indonesia
—
Berhasil keluar dari grey list 2024 (di-hedge)
Indonesia berhasil keluar dari FATF grey list Februari 2024 — milestone besar untuk reputasi dan akses finance international.
Coba Sendiri: Sanctions Screening: OFAC, EU, UN
Cek status counterparty dan negara untuk mitigasi risiko sanksi. OFAC, EU, UN punya extraterritorial effect — perusahaan Indonesia bisa kena penalty besar.
Bagian 4 · 4/4
Mini-Case: OFAC Penalty Indonesia
Diskusi kelas: perusahaan Indonesia transaksi USD dengan entitas yang ternyata SDN (Specially Designated National). Apa konsekuensi?
Compliance Program: Sanctions & AML
Tujuh element compliance program yang robust — investasi yang menghemat jutaan dolar di penalty.
Element
Substansi
Implementation
1. Sanctions screening
Real-time check semua counterparty, vessel, goods vs SDN list
Otomatis dengan software (Refinitiv, Dow Jones)
2. KYC/CDD
Customer identification + verification
Onboarding process, refresh periodic
3. Beneficial owner
Identify UBO ≥ 25%
Declaration + cross-check
4. STR reporting
Suspicious transaction report ke PPATK
Training compliance officer
5. Training
Annual training untuk staff relevant
Document completion
6. Audit & testing
Internal audit + external testing
Annual + ad hoc
7. Governance
Chief Compliance Officer + Board oversight
Reporting ke Board
Compliance program robust: investasi 0,1-0,5% revenue vs OFAC penalty yang dapat exceed US$ 100 juta. ROI sangat tinggi.
Hitung dari Nol: Compliance ROI
Skenario: perusahaan Indonesia revenue US$ 500 juta/thn, 30% lintas batas via USD system. Bandingkan: compliance program vs no compliance.
Komponen
No Compliance
Compliance Program 0,3% revenue
Annual cost
US$ 0
US$ 1,5 juta/thn (0,3% × US$ 500M)
OFAC violation probability
~5%/thn (di-hedge)
~0,5%/thn (10× reduction)
Expected penalty if violation
US$ 50 juta (base, di-hedge)
US$ 30 juta (cooperation credit)
Expected penalty cost/thn
5% × US$ 50M = US$ 2,5 juta
0,5% × US$ 30M = US$ 150K
Compliance cost/thn
US$ 0
US$ 1,5 juta
Total expected cost/thn
US$ 2,5 juta
US$ 1,65 juta
NPV 10 thn (10% discount)
~US$ 15,4 juta
~US$ 10,1 juta
NPV saving
—
US$ 5,3 juta (35% reduction)
+ Reputational/aksiomenang
Tidak dapat diquantify — material
Avoid catastrophic
Compliance program: NPV saving US$ 5,3 juta + avoid reputational damage. ROI sangat tinggi — investasi compliance bukan cost center.
Indonesia Regulation: BI, BKPM, PP 36/2024
Indonesia mengatur FX dan trade finance via BI regulation, BKPM (untuk FDI), dan PP 36/2024.
Regulasi
Substansi
Implikasi praktis
PP 36/2024
Penyelenggaraan kegiatan valuta asing
Banks dan non-bank FX providers tunduk
BI Regulation PBI 7/2017
Foreign exchange transactions reporting
Reporting ke BI untuk transaksi ≥ US$ 10K
BI Regulation PBI 22/2020
Natural foreign exchange hedging
EKPD export import FX, hedging rules
BKPM Reg 4/2021
FDI reporting + forex realization
Investor asing lapor realisasi forex
UU 8/2010 TPPU
Anti-money laundering
PPATK reporting
POJK 8/2017 (replaced)
AML implementation for FSA
Sekarang POJK 4/2024 (di-hedge)
UU 7/2011 Currency
Rupiah sebagai currency Indonesia
Cash transactions wajib IDR; non-cash dapat FX
Perusahaan Indonesia harus comply multiple regulation: PP 36/2024 (FX), BKPM (FDI), BI (reporting), UU 8/2010 (AML), UU 7/2011 (currency). Strategi: integrated compliance.
Coba Sendiri: AML untuk Trade Finance: Red Flag TPPU
5 red flag TPPU (UU 8/2010) yang wajib di-screen: over-invoicing, under-invoicing, ghost shipment, round-tripping, complex structure.
URDG 758 Demand Guarantee Deep Dive
URDG 758 — gold standard untuk demand guarantee. Pay-on-first-demand instrument.
Forward, option, swap, natural hedge — certainty bukan speculation
Sanctions & AML
OFAC + EU + UN + UU 8/2010 — compliance program ROI tinggi
Trade finance + FX + sanctions + AML = area risiko terbesar lintas batas. Investasi compliance = strategic risk management.
Persiapan P7: baca NY Convention 1958 text; pelajari struktur ICC Court of Arbitration, SIAC, BANI. Bawa satu arbitration clause dari kontrak untuk dianalisis enforceability.