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‹ Daftar slide Pertemuan 6: ICC Rules Family, FX, Sanctions & AML untuk Trade Finance
RPS minggu 6 · 2x50 menit

ICC Rules Family, FX, Sanctions & AML untuk Trade Finance

International Business Law — S1 Manajemen FEB UNDIP

Peta Pembelajaran Hari Ini

Empat hal yang harus Anda kuasai — ICC family, FX, sanctions, AML.

Jam ke-1 (50 menit)
  • ICC Family: UCP 600 (L/C), URC 522 (collection), URB 725 (bank guarantee)
  • URDG 758 (demand guarantee), ISP98 (standby L/C), eUCP 2.0
  • FX risk: forward, option, currency swap, natural hedge
  • Indonesia: BKPM regulation, BI rules, PP 36/2024 forex
Jam ke-2 (50 menit)
  • Sanctions: US OFAC, EU, UN; SDN list; secondary sanctions
  • AML: FATF Recommendations, UU 8/2010 TPPU, PPATK
  • Compliance program: KYC, CDD, EDD, sanctions screening
  • Mini-case: perusahaan Indonesia kena OFAC penalty
Output: mahasiswa mampu menyusun compliance program trade finance yang robust.

Mengapa ICC Family & Compliance Krusial

Trade finance instruments dan sanctions/AML adalah area risiko terbesar untuk perusahaan Indonesia lintas batas.

OFAC Penalties (USD system)
~US$ 5 M+/thn
Total penalties global, dihedge
Indonesia FX Losses (corporate)
~Rp 200 T+
Total 2022-2024 (di-hedge)
Salah pilih ICC instrument atau gagal comply sanctions/AML bisa menyebabkan kerugian miliaran rupiah — bahkan loss akses ke USD system.
Bagian 1 · 1/4
ICC Rules Family: Trade Finance
Diskusi kelas: kontrak construction Indonesia dengan contractor Tiongkok. Performance guarantee 10% contract value — pakai URB 725 atau URDG 758?

ICC Rules Family: Sembilan Instrument

Sembilan ICC instrument yang membentuk trade finance global — masing-masing dengan use case berbeda.

InstrumentSubstansiUse CaseTahun
UCP 600Documentary credit (L/C)Ekspor-impor pembayaran2007
eUCP 2.0Electronic L/C supplementElectronic presentation2019
URC 522Uniform Rules for CollectionsDocumentary collection, clean collection1995
URB 725Uniform Rules for Bank Guarantees (legacy)Bank guarantee — sebagian masih dipakai2010 (update ICC 325)
URDG 758Uniform Rules for Demand GuaranteesPerformance guarantee, advance payment guarantee — GOLD STANDARD2010
ISP98International Standby PracticeStandby L/C — sering dipakai di AS1998
URDG 758 + ISP98Choice untuk demand guaranteeInternational: URDG 758; AS: ISP98
ICC Uniform Rules for Forfaiting (URF 800)Forfaiting (medium-long term receivables)Export receivables financing2014
Incoterms 2020Delivery terms (lihat P4)Risk, cost, documents2020
Perusahaan Indonesia yang menggunakan international trade finance harus familiar dengan minimal UCP 600, URDG 758, dan Incoterms 2020.

UCP 600 vs URC 522: L/C vs Collection

Dua mekanisme pembayaran lintas batas dengan profile risk berbeda — pilih sesuai kepercayaan counterparty.

AspekUCP 600 (L/C)URC 522 (Collection)
Bank obligationIssuing bank guarantee payment jika docs complyBank hanya collect, tidak guarantee payment
Risk sellerRendah (bank guarantee)Tinggi (buyer dapat refuse payment)
Risk buyerTinggi (bank tetap bayar walaupun buyer tidak)Rendah (buyer control payment)
CostTinggi (issuing + advising + confirmation fee)Rendah (collection fee flat)
SpeedSlow (multiple bank examination)Fast (simple process)
Use caseCounterparty baru, high value, risky countriesCounterparty trusted, repeat business
D/P vs D/ADocuments against Payment vs Documents against Acceptance
URC 522 collection lebih murah tetapi seller menanggung risk buyer refuse. UCP 600 L/C lebih aman tetapi mahal. Trade-off cost vs risk.

Hitung dari Nol: URDG 758 Performance Guarantee

Skenario: kontrak construction US$ 100 juta, performance guarantee 10%. Hitung struktur URDG 758 guarantee.

KomponenPerhitunganNilai
1. Contract valueEPC contractUS$ 100 juta
2. Performance guarantee %10% (industry standard)10% × US$ 100M
3. Guarantee amountPerformance guaranteeUS$ 10 juta
4. Bank fee (p.a.)1-3% p.a. of guarantee amount (di-hedge)1,5% × US$ 10M = US$ 150K p.a.
5. TenorPerformance period + defect liability24 bulan construction + 12 bulan DLP = 36 bulan
6. Total bank feeUS$ 150K × 3 tahunUS$ 450.000
7. Counter-guaranteeContractor provide counter-indemnity to issuing bank100% — bank risk mitigated
8. Demand requirementsURDG 758 Art. 15: written demand + supporting statementCompliant demand
9. Examination periodURDG 758 Art. 16: max 5 business days5 hari kerja
10. ReleaseSetelah performance completion + DLP36 bulan
URDG 758 Performance Guarantee: contractor bayar US$ 450K fee untuk guarantee US$ 10M selama 36 bulan — biaya kecil untuk proteksi owner.
Bagian 2 · 2/4
FX Risk Management
Diskusi kelas: perusahaan Indonesia kontrak ekspor US$ 10 juta ke EU, payment 90 hari setelah B/L. USD/EUR berubah. Bagaimana mengelola risk?

FX Risk: Empat Mekanisme Hedging

Empat instrument hedging FX yang harus dipahami manajer Indonesia lintas batas.

InstrumentSubstansiCostBest for
Forward FXLock rate hari ini untuk future conversionFree (bank margin) atau small premiumPredictable cashflow, large transaction
FX Option (Vanilla)Right but not obligation untuk convert pada strikePremium 0,5-3% notionalUncertain cashflow, hedge with upside
Currency SwapExchange principal + interest dalam dua currenciesSpread bankMedium-long term financing hedge
Natural HedgeMatch revenue currency dengan cost currencyFreeOngoing operations
FX FutureStandardized exchange-traded forwardMargin requirementStandardized hedging, exchange-traded
Cross-currency Basis SwapSwap principal + interest di dua currencies dengan basis spreadBasis spreadBank wholesale funding
NDF (Non-Deliverable Forward)Forward cash-settled (tidak deliver)Spread bankEmerging market currencies (CNY, INR, dll)
Tanpa hedging, FX volatility 10%+ bisa menghapus margin profit. Indonesia corporate harus punya FX hedging policy yang jelas.

Hitung dari Nol: Forward FX Hedging

Skenario: seller Indonesia akan terima US$ 10 juta dalam 90 hari. Spot USD/IDR Rp 15.800; 90-day forward Rp 15.700 (-100 points). USD/IDR 90 hari aktual Rp 15.000. Bandingkan hedged vs unhedged.

ScenarioPerhitunganNilai IDR
1. Spot rate hari iniUSD/IDRRp 15.800
2. 90-day forward rateLock rate forwardRp 15.700
3. 90-day spot aktualUSD/IDR 90 hari kemudianRp 15.000
4. Unhedged: terima di spot aktualUS$ 10M × Rp 15.000Rp 150 miliar
5. Hedged: lock di forward Rp 15.700US$ 10M × Rp 15.700Rp 157 miliar
6. Hedging gainRp 157M − Rp 150MRp 7 miliar (4,7% dari unhedged)
7. Scenario upside (USD/IDR naik ke Rp 16.500)Unhedged US$ 10M × Rp 16.500Rp 165 miliar
8. Hedged di Rp 15.700US$ 10M × Rp 15.700Rp 157 miliar (loss opportunity Rp 8M)
9. Pelajaran: hedging bukan speculationHedging = certainty, bukan maximize profit
Hedging FX memberikan CERTAINTY untuk budgeting dan planning. Bukan untuk maximize profit, tetapi untuk minimize volatility.
Bagian 3 · 3/4
Sanctions: OFAC, EU, UN
Diskusi kelas: perusahaan Indonesia transaksi USD dengan perusahaan Turkey yang ada hubungan dengan Iran. Apa risiko?

Tiga Sanctions Regime Utama

Tiga regime sanctions yang paling sering impact perusahaan Indonesia: US OFAC, EU restrictive measures, UN sanctions.

RegimeAutorityScopeJurisdiction
US OFACUS Treasury, OFACIran, North Korea, Syria, Cuba, Crimea, Russia, Venezuela, dllUS nexus: USD, US person, US goods
EU Restrictive MeasuresEU CouncilIran, Russia, Syria, North Korea, Libya, Venezuela, dllEU territory + EU persons
UN Security CouncilUNSC ResolutionNorth Korea, Iran (sebagian), Libya, Somalia, SudanUniversal — semua negara PBB
UK OFSIUK Office of Financial Sanctions ImplementationPost-Brexit UK sanctionsUK territory + UK persons
Australia DFATDepartment of Foreign Affairs and TradeAustralia autonomous sanctionsAU territory + AU persons
IndonesiaTidak ada sanctions law sendiriImplement UN sanctions via PerpresWNI + Indonesia territory
Perusahaan Indonesia yang transaksi USD atau dengan EU/UK/US persons WAJIB comply OFAC + EU + UK sanctions, walaupun tidak ada Indonesia sanctions law.

AML: FATF Recommendations & UU 8/2010 TPPU

Anti-money laundering framework global (FATF) dan Indonesia (UU 8/2010, PPATK).

AspekFATF RecommendationsIndonesia Implement
AuthorityFinancial Action Task Force — 40 RecommendationsPPATK (Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan)
AML/CFT LawUniversal frameworkUU 8/2010 tentang TPPU/TPPU-PB
KYC/CDDCustomer due diligence, identificationPOJK mengatur implementation per laporan
EDD (Enhanced)High-risk customer enhanced due diligencePEP, high-risk jurisdictions
STR/SARSuspicious Transaction ReportLaporan Transaksi Mencurigakan ke PPATK
Beneficial ownerIdentifikasi UBO ≥ 25%PP 58/2019 beneficial owner
SanctionsTargeted financial sanctionsImplement UN + OFAC + EU jika ada nexus
NPO/charityNon-profit organization CFTKemenkumham ham supervision
FATF Status IndonesiaBerhasil keluar dari grey list 2024 (di-hedge)
Indonesia berhasil keluar dari FATF grey list Februari 2024 — milestone besar untuk reputasi dan akses finance international.
Bagian 4 · 4/4
Mini-Case: OFAC Penalty Indonesia
Diskusi kelas: perusahaan Indonesia transaksi USD dengan entitas yang ternyata SDN (Specially Designated National). Apa konsekuensi?

Compliance Program: Sanctions & AML

Tujuh element compliance program yang robust — investasi yang menghemat jutaan dolar di penalty.

ElementSubstansiImplementation
1. Sanctions screeningReal-time check semua counterparty, vessel, goods vs SDN listOtomatis dengan software (Refinitiv, Dow Jones)
2. KYC/CDDCustomer identification + verificationOnboarding process, refresh periodic
3. Beneficial ownerIdentify UBO ≥ 25%Declaration + cross-check
4. STR reportingSuspicious transaction report ke PPATKTraining compliance officer
5. TrainingAnnual training untuk staff relevantDocument completion
6. Audit & testingInternal audit + external testingAnnual + ad hoc
7. GovernanceChief Compliance Officer + Board oversightReporting ke Board
Compliance program robust: investasi 0,1-0,5% revenue vs OFAC penalty yang dapat exceed US$ 100 juta. ROI sangat tinggi.

Hitung dari Nol: Compliance ROI

Skenario: perusahaan Indonesia revenue US$ 500 juta/thn, 30% lintas batas via USD system. Bandingkan: compliance program vs no compliance.

KomponenNo ComplianceCompliance Program 0,3% revenue
Annual costUS$ 0US$ 1,5 juta/thn (0,3% × US$ 500M)
OFAC violation probability~5%/thn (di-hedge)~0,5%/thn (10× reduction)
Expected penalty if violationUS$ 50 juta (base, di-hedge)US$ 30 juta (cooperation credit)
Expected penalty cost/thn5% × US$ 50M = US$ 2,5 juta0,5% × US$ 30M = US$ 150K
Compliance cost/thnUS$ 0US$ 1,5 juta
Total expected cost/thnUS$ 2,5 jutaUS$ 1,65 juta
NPV 10 thn (10% discount)~US$ 15,4 juta~US$ 10,1 juta
NPV savingUS$ 5,3 juta (35% reduction)
+ Reputational/aksiomenangTidak dapat diquantify — materialAvoid catastrophic
Compliance program: NPV saving US$ 5,3 juta + avoid reputational damage. ROI sangat tinggi — investasi compliance bukan cost center.

Indonesia Regulation: BI, BKPM, PP 36/2024

Indonesia mengatur FX dan trade finance via BI regulation, BKPM (untuk FDI), dan PP 36/2024.

RegulasiSubstansiImplikasi praktis
PP 36/2024Penyelenggaraan kegiatan valuta asingBanks dan non-bank FX providers tunduk
BI Regulation PBI 7/2017Foreign exchange transactions reportingReporting ke BI untuk transaksi ≥ US$ 10K
BI Regulation PBI 22/2020Natural foreign exchange hedgingEKPD export import FX, hedging rules
BKPM Reg 4/2021FDI reporting + forex realizationInvestor asing lapor realisasi forex
UU 8/2010 TPPUAnti-money launderingPPATK reporting
POJK 8/2017 (replaced)AML implementation for FSASekarang POJK 4/2024 (di-hedge)
UU 7/2011 CurrencyRupiah sebagai currency IndonesiaCash transactions wajib IDR; non-cash dapat FX
Perusahaan Indonesia harus comply multiple regulation: PP 36/2024 (FX), BKPM (FDI), BI (reporting), UU 8/2010 (AML), UU 7/2011 (currency). Strategi: integrated compliance.

URDG 758 Demand Guarantee Deep Dive

URDG 758 — gold standard untuk demand guarantee. Pay-on-first-demand instrument.

AspekURDG 758 ProvisionPraktik
1. Independence principleArt. 5 — separate dari underlying contractBank tidak examine underlying dispute
2. Pay-on-first-demandArt. 2 — beneficiary demand compliantBank bayar tanpa examine merits
3. Examination standardArt. 15 — 5 business daysDocument compliance test
4. Fraud exceptionArt. 15(b) — clear fraudRare; high threshold
5. Counter-guaranteeArt. 8 — separate undertakingInstrumen dari counter-guarantor ke guarantor
6. Advice of guaranteeArt. 11 — by advising bankAuthenticate dan forward ke beneficiary
7. AmendmentArt. 12 — consent requiredBeneficiary + guarantor + applicant
8. ExpiryArt. 13 — tanggal expiry or eventAuto-terminate pada expiry
URDG 758: pay-on-first-demand, independence principle. Fraud exception rare. Strategi: drafting precise.

AML Compliance Program untuk Trade Finance

AML program untuk trade finance: KYC, CDD, transaction monitoring, SAR reporting.

Pilar AMLSubstansiImplementation
1. KYC (Know Your Customer)Identitas customerOnboarding due diligence
2. CDD (Customer Due Diligence)Risk-based assessmentSimplified/Standard/Enhanced
3. EDD (Enhanced Due Diligence)High-risk customer (PEP, sanctioned country)Source of funds, source of wealth
4. Transaction monitoringMonitor suspicious activityAutomated rules + manual review
5. SAR/STR (Suspicious Activity Report)Report ke PPATKWithin 3-7 hari detection
6. Sanctions screeningOFAC SDN, UN, EU screeningReal-time transaction screening
7. Trade-based money laundering (TBML)Over/under-invoicing, phantom shipmentsTrade document analysis
8. Training & awarenessAnnual employee trainingDocumented curriculum
9. Independent auditAnnual AML auditInternal atau external auditor
AML program 9 pilar: KYC, CDD, EDD, monitoring, SAR, sanctions, TBML, training, audit. Strategi: integrated compliance.

Widget: FX Quotation, Cross Rate & Arbitrase Segitiga

Eksplorasi interaktif — pahami kuotasi valas, hitung cross rate, spread bid-ask, dan peluang arbitrase segitiga. Penting untuk treasury dan trade finance.

Ringkasan Kunci Pertemuan 6

ICC Family
UCP 600 L/C, URC 522 collection, URDG 758 demand guarantee, ISP98 standby
FX Hedging
Forward, option, swap, natural hedge — certainty bukan speculation
Sanctions & AML
OFAC + EU + UN + UU 8/2010 — compliance program ROI tinggi

Trade finance + FX + sanctions + AML = area risiko terbesar lintas batas. Investasi compliance = strategic risk management.

Persiapan P7: baca NY Convention 1958 text; pelajari struktur ICC Court of Arbitration, SIAC, BANI. Bawa satu arbitration clause dari kontrak untuk dianalisis enforceability.